Western europe

Firstly, it doesn't look like from 1991. I mean, the rock formation inside the hole is almost exactly the same. Secondly, cement is not that expensive you know. It's relatively small pothole in your own neighborhood. Go fix it yourself with your neighbors.

This is a meme that points the finger at both Japan's ludicrous efficiency, and Romania's alleged inefficiency

Isn’t Romania in Eastern Europe? https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Europe